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GCC dump preprocessor defines

Is there a way for gcc/g++ to dump its preprocessor defines from the command line? I mean things like __GNUC__, __STDC__, and so on.

Compiling with g++ using multiple cores

Quick question: what is the compiler flag to allow g++ to spawn multiple instances of itself in order to compile large projects quicker (for example 4 source files at a time for a multi-core CPU)?

Many thanks.

Undefined reference to static class member

Can anyone explain why following code won't compile? At least on g++ 4.2.4.

And more interesting, why it will compile when I cast MEMBER to int?

#include <vector>

class Foo {  
public:  
    static const int MEMBER = 1;  
};

int main(){  
    vector<int> v;  
    v.push_back( Foo::MEMBER );       // undefined reference to `Foo::MEMBER'
    v.push_back( (int) Foo::MEMBER ); // OK  
    return 0;
}

How do I install g++ for Fedora?

How do I install g++ for Fedora Linux? I have been searching the yum command to install g++ but didn't find anything.

How do I install it?

I have already installed gcc

g++ undefined reference to typeinfo

I just ran across the following error (and found the solution online, but it's not present in Stack Overflow):

(.gnu.linkonce.[stuff]): undefined reference to [method] [object file]:(.gnu.linkonce.[stuff]): undefined reference to `typeinfo for [classname]'

Why might one get one of these "undefined reference to typeinfo" linker errors?

(Bonus points if you can explain what's going on behind the scenes.)

What is the difference between g++ and gcc?

What is the difference between g++ and gcc? Which ones should be used for general c++ development?

Compiling C++11 with g++

I'm trying to update my C++ compiler to C++11. I have searched a bit and I have come to the conclusion that I have to use the flag -std=c++0x or -std=gnu++0x, but I don't know many things about flags. Can anyone help me? (I'm using Ubuntu 12.04.)

Here is the error that i get from the compiler when i attempt to use a library which is included in C++11(i.e. array):

#include <array>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::array<int, 3> arr = {2, 3, 5};
    ...
}

This file requires compiler and library support for the upcoming ISO C++ standard, C++0x. This support is currently experimental, and must be enabled with the -std=c++0x or -std=gnu++0x compiler options.

Why can you return from a non-void function without returning a value without producing a compiler error?

Ever since I realized many years ago, that this doesn't produce an error by default, (in gcc at least) I've always wondered why?

I understand that you can issue compiler flags to produce a warning, but shouldn't it always be an error? Why does it make sense for a non-void function not returning value to be valid?

An example as requested in the comments:

#include <stdio.h>
int stringSize()
{
}

int main()
{
    char cstring[5];
    printf( "the last char is: %c\n", cstring[stringSize()-1] ); 
    return 0;
}

...compiles.

C++ unordered_map using a custom class type as the key

I am trying to use a custom class as key for unordered_map, like the following,

#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <unordered_map>
//#include <map>

using namespace std;

class node;
class Solution;

class Node {
    public:
        int a;
        int b; 
        int c;
        Node(){}
        Node(vector<int> v) {
            sort(v.begin(), v.end());
            a = v[0];       
            b = v[1];       
            c = v[2];       
        }

        bool operator==(Node i) {
            if ( i.a==this->a && i.b==this->b &&i.c==this->c ) {
                return true;
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }
};

int main() {

    unordered_map<Node, int> m;

    vector<int> v;
    v.push_back(3);
    v.push_back(8);
    v.push_back(9);
    Node n(v);

    m[n] = 0;

    return 0;
}

I guess I need the tell C++ how to hash class Node, however, I am not quite sure how to do it. Is there any example for this kind of tasks?

The following is the error from g++:

In file included from /usr/include/c++/4.6/string:50:0,
                 from /usr/include/c++/4.6/bits/locale_classes.h:42,
                 from /usr/include/c++/4.6/bits/ios_base.h:43,
                 from /usr/include/c++/4.6/ios:43,
                 from /usr/include/c++/4.6/ostream:40,
                 from /usr/include/c++/4.6/iostream:40,
                 from 3sum.cpp:4:
/usr/include/c++/4.6/bits/stl_function.h: In member function ‘bool std::equal_to<_Tp>::operator()(const _Tp&, const _Tp&) const [with _Tp = Node]’:
/usr/include/c++/4.6/bits/hashtable_policy.h:768:48:   instantiated from ‘bool std::__detail::_Hash_code_base<_Key, _Value, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, std::__detail::_Default_ranged_hash, false>::_M_compare(const _Key&, std::__detail::_Hash_code_base<_Key, _Value, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, std::__detail::_Default_ranged_hash, false>::_Hash_code_type, std::__detail::_Hash_node<_Value, false>*) const [with _Key = Node, _Value = std::pair<const Node, int>, _ExtractKey = std::_Select1st<std::pair<const Node, int> >, _Equal = std::equal_to<Node>, _H1 = std::hash<Node>, _H2 = std::__detail::_Mod_range_hashing, std::__detail::_Hash_code_base<_Key, _Value, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, std::__detail::_Default_ranged_hash, false>::_Hash_code_type = long unsigned int]’
/usr/include/c++/4.6/bits/hashtable.h:897:2:   instantiated from ‘std::_Hashtable<_Key, _Value, _Allocator, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, _Hash, _RehashPolicy, __cache_hash_code, __constant_iterators, __unique_keys>::_Node* std::_Hashtable<_Key, _Value, _Allocator, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, _Hash, _RehashPolicy, __cache_hash_code, __constant_iterators, __unique_keys>::_M_find_node(std::_Hashtable<_Key, _Value, _Allocator, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, _Hash, _RehashPolicy, __cache_hash_code, __constant_iterators, __unique_keys>::_Node*, const key_type&, typename std::_Hashtable<_Key, _Value, _Allocator, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, _Hash, _RehashPolicy, __cache_hash_code, __constant_iterators, __unique_keys>::_Hash_code_type) const [with _Key = Node, _Value = std::pair<const Node, int>, _Allocator = std::allocator<std::pair<const Node, int> >, _ExtractKey = std::_Select1st<std::pair<const Node, int> >, _Equal = std::equal_to<Node>, _H1 = std::hash<Node>, _H2 = std::__detail::_Mod_range_hashing, _Hash = std::__detail::_Default_ranged_hash, _RehashPolicy = std::__detail::_Prime_rehash_policy, bool __cache_hash_code = false, bool __constant_iterators = false, bool __unique_keys = true, std::_Hashtable<_Key, _Value, _Allocator, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, _Hash, _RehashPolicy, __cache_hash_code, __constant_iterators, __unique_keys>::_Node = std::__detail::_Hash_node<std::pair<const Node, int>, false>, std::_Hashtable<_Key, _Value, _Allocator, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, _Hash, _RehashPolicy, __cache_hash_code, __constant_iterators, __unique_keys>::key_type = Node, typename std::_Hashtable<_Key, _Value, _Allocator, _ExtractKey, _Equal, _H1, _H2, _Hash, _RehashPolicy, __cache_hash_code, __constant_iterators, __unique_keys>::_Hash_code_type = long unsigned int]’
/usr/include/c++/4.6/bits/hashtable_policy.h:546:53:   instantiated from ‘std::__detail::_Map_base<_Key, _Pair, std::_Select1st<_Pair>, true, _Hashtable>::mapped_type& std::__detail::_Map_base<_Key, _Pair, std::_Select1st<_Pair>, true, _Hashtable>::operator[](const _Key&) [with _Key = Node, _Pair = std::pair<const Node, int>, _Hashtable = std::_Hashtable<Node, std::pair<const Node, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<const Node, int> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<const Node, int> >, std::equal_to<Node>, std::hash<Node>, std::__detail::_Mod_range_hashing, std::__detail::_Default_ranged_hash, std::__detail::_Prime_rehash_policy, false, false, true>, std::__detail::_Map_base<_Key, _Pair, std::_Select1st<_Pair>, true, _Hashtable>::mapped_type = int]’
3sum.cpp:149:5:   instantiated from here
/usr/include/c++/4.6/bits/stl_function.h:209:23: error: passing ‘const Node’ as ‘this’ argument of ‘bool Node::operator==(Node)’ discards qualifiers [-fpermissive]
make: *** [threeSum] Error 1

to_string is not a member of std, says so g++

I am making a small vocabulary remembering program where words would would be flashed at me randomly for meanings. I want to use standard C++ library as Bjarne Stroustroup tells us, but I have encountered a seemingly strange problem right out of the gate.

I want to change a long integer into std::string so as to be able to store it in a file. I have employed to_string() for the same. The problem is, when I compile it with g++ (version 4.7.0 as mentioned in its --‍version flag), it says:

PS C:\Users\Anurag\SkyDrive\College\Programs> g++ -std=c++0x ttd.cpp
ttd.cpp: In function 'int main()':
ttd.cpp:11:2: error: 'to_string' is not a member of 'std'

My program that gives this error is:

#include <string>

int main()
{
    std::to_string(0);
    return 0;
}

But, I know it can't be because msdn library clearly says it exists and an earlier question on Stack Overflow (for g++ version 4.5) says that it can be turned on with the -std=c++0x flag. What am I doing wrong?

Why does this invalid-looking code compile successfully on g++ 6.0? [duplicate]

Consider this strange program:

int main()
{
    int(*){} Is it C++14 or any other language?
}

(See a live demo here & here.)

Even though the comment // is missing, the code compiles fine without any errors & warnings even when I use -pedantic-errorsoptions in g++ 6.0. This seems like a compiler bug to me. Is it really a bug in the compiler?

Undefined reference to vtable

So, I'm getting the infamously horrible "undefined reference to 'vtable..." error for the following code (The class in question is CGameModule.) and I cannot for the life of me understand what the problem is. At first, I thought it was related to forgetting to give a virtual function a body, but as far as I understand, everything is all here. The inheritance chain is a little long, but here is the related source code. I'm not sure what other information I should provide.

Note: The constructor is where this error is happening, it'd seem.

My code:

class CGameModule : public CDasherModule {
 public:
  CGameModule(Dasher::CEventHandler *pEventHandler, CSettingsStore *pSettingsStore, CDasherInterfaceBase *pInterface, ModuleID_t iID, const char *szName)
  : CDasherModule(pEventHandler, pSettingsStore, iID, 0, szName)
  { 
      g_pLogger->Log("Inside game module constructor");   
      m_pInterface = pInterface; 
  }

  virtual ~CGameModule() {};

  std::string GetTypedTarget();

  std::string GetUntypedTarget();

  bool DecorateView(CDasherView *pView) {
      //g_pLogger->Log("Decorating the view");
      return false;
  }

  void SetDasherModel(CDasherModel *pModel) { m_pModel = pModel; }


  virtual void HandleEvent(Dasher::CEvent *pEvent); 

 private:



  CDasherNode *pLastTypedNode;


  CDasherNode *pNextTargetNode;


  std::string m_sTargetString;


  size_t m_stCurrentStringPos;


  CDasherModel *m_pModel;


  CDasherInterfaceBase *m_pInterface;
};

Inherits from...

class CDasherModule;
typedef std::vector<CDasherModule*>::size_type ModuleID_t;

/// \ingroup Core
/// @{
class CDasherModule : public Dasher::CDasherComponent {
 public:
  CDasherModule(Dasher::CEventHandler * pEventHandler, CSettingsStore * pSettingsStore, ModuleID_t iID, int iType, const char *szName);

  virtual ModuleID_t GetID();
  virtual void SetID(ModuleID_t);
  virtual int GetType();
  virtual const char *GetName();

  virtual bool GetSettings(SModuleSettings **pSettings, int *iCount) {
    return false;
  };

 private:
  ModuleID_t m_iID;
  int m_iType;
  const char *m_szName;
};

Which inherits from....

namespace Dasher {
  class CEvent;
  class CEventHandler;
  class CDasherComponent;
};

/// \ingroup Core
/// @{
class Dasher::CDasherComponent {
 public:
  CDasherComponent(Dasher::CEventHandler* pEventHandler, CSettingsStore* pSettingsStore);
  virtual ~CDasherComponent();

  void InsertEvent(Dasher::CEvent * pEvent);
  virtual void HandleEvent(Dasher::CEvent * pEvent) {};

  bool GetBoolParameter(int iParameter) const;
  void SetBoolParameter(int iParameter, bool bValue) const;

  long GetLongParameter(int iParameter) const;
  void SetLongParameter(int iParameter, long lValue) const;

  std::string GetStringParameter(int iParameter) const;
  void        SetStringParameter(int iParameter, const std::string & sValue) const;

  ParameterType   GetParameterType(int iParameter) const;
  std::string     GetParameterName(int iParameter) const;

 protected:
  Dasher::CEventHandler *m_pEventHandler;
  CSettingsStore *m_pSettingsStore;
};
/// @}


#endif

How can I improve performance via a high-level approach when implementing long equations in C++

I am developing some engineering simulations. This involves implementing some long equations such as this equation to calculate stress in a rubber like material:

T = (
    mu * (
            pow(l1 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1), a) * a
            * (
                pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1)
                - l1 * l2 * l3 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.4e1 / 0.3e1) / 0.3e1
            ) * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, 0.1e1 / 0.3e1) / l1
            - pow(l2 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1), a) * a / l1 / 0.3e1
            - pow(l3 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1), a) * a / l1 / 0.3e1
        ) / a
    + K * (l1 * l2 * l3 - 0.1e1) * l2 * l3
) * N1 / l2 / l3

+ (
    mu * (
        - pow(l1 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1), a) * a / l2 / 0.3e1
        + pow(l2 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1), a) * a
        * (
            pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1)
            - l1 * l2 * l3 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.4e1 / 0.3e1) / 0.3e1
        ) * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, 0.1e1 / 0.3e1) / l2
        - pow(l3 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1), a) * a / l2 / 0.3e1
    ) / a
    + K * (l1 * l2 * l3 - 0.1e1) * l1 * l3
) * N2 / l1 / l3

+ (
    mu * (
        - pow(l1 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1), a) * a / l3 / 0.3e1
        - pow(l2 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1), a) * a / l3 / 0.3e1
        + pow(l3 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1), a) * a
        * (
            pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.1e1 / 0.3e1)
            - l1 * l2 * l3 * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, -0.4e1 / 0.3e1) / 0.3e1
        ) * pow(l1 * l2 * l3, 0.1e1 / 0.3e1) / l3
    ) / a
+ K * (l1 * l2 * l3 - 0.1e1) * l1 * l2
) * N3 / l1 / l2;

I use Maple to generate the C++ code to avoid mistakes (and save time with tedious algebra). As this code is executed thousands (if not millions) of times, the performance is a concern. Unfortunately the math only simplifies so far; the long equations are unavoidable.

What approach can I take to optimize this implementation? I'm looking for high-level strategies that I should be applying when implementing such equations, not necessarily specific optimizations for the example shown above.

I'm compiling using g++ with --enable-optimize=-O3.

Update:

I know there are a lot of repeated expressions, I am using the assumption that the compiler would handle these; my tests so far suggest it does.

l1, l2, l3, mu, a, K are all positive real numbers (not zero).

I have replaced l1*l2*l3 with an equivalent variable: J. This did help improve performance.

Replacing pow(x, 0.1e1/0.3e1) with cbrt(x) was a good suggestion.

This will be run on CPUs, In the near future this would likely run better on GPUs, but for now that option is not available.

Different floating point result with optimization enabled - compiler bug?

Below code works on Visual Studio 2008 with and without optimization. But it only works on g++ without optimization (O0).

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

double round(double v, double digit)
{
 double pow = std::pow(10.0, digit);
 double t = v * pow;
 //std::cout << "t:" << t << std::endl;
 double r = std::floor(t + 0.5);
 //std::cout << "r:" << r << std::endl;
 return r / pow;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
 std::cout << round(4.45, 1) << std::endl;
 std::cout << round(4.55, 1) << std::endl;
}

Output should be: 4.5 4.6

But g++ with optimization (O1 - O3) will output 4.5 4.5

if I add volatile keyword before t, it works, so I think there might be some kind of optimization bug?

Test on g++ 4.1.2, and 4.4.4.

Edit:

Here is the result on ideone: http://ideone.com/Rz937

And the option I test on g++ is simple: g++ -O2 round.cpp

Edit2:

The more interesting result, even I turn on /fp:fast option on Visual Studio 2008, the result still is correct.

Further question:

I was wondering, should I always turn on -ffloat-store option?

Because the g++ version I tested is shipped with CentOS/Redhat 5 and CentOS/Redhat 6.

I compiled many my programs under these platforms, I am worry about that will cause unexpected bugs inside my programs. It seems a little difficult to investigate all my C++ code and used libraries whether have such problem. Any suggestion?

Edit3:

Is anyone interested in why even /fp:fast turned on, Visual Studio 2008 still works? It seems like VS2008 is more reliable at this problem than g++?

How to see which flags -march=native will activate?

I'm compiling my C++ app using GCC 4.3. Instead of manually selecting the optimization flags I'm using -march=native, which in theory should add all optimization flags applicable to the hardware I'm compiling on. But how can I check which flags is it actually using?